Roberto Duarte

As concern grows over social media, U.S.lawsuits stack up

*

Surge in mental health problems worst among girls

*

Lawyers zone in on algorithm designs, whistleblower leaks

*

Others see platforms as scapegoat for society’s woes

By Avi Asher-Schapiro

LOS ANGELES, Feb 8 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) – At about the time her daughter reached the age of 12, American health executive Laurie saw her once confident, happy child turning into someone she barely recognized.At first, she thought a bad case of adolescent angst was to blame.

Initially, her daughter had trouble sleeping and grappled with episodes of self-loathing and anxiety, but by the time she was 14, she had started cutting herself and was having suicidal thoughts.

Without Laurie knowing, she had been sneaking away her confiscated smartphone and spending hours online at night, trawling through posts about self-harm and eating disorders on social media platforms.

“One day she said to me: ‘Mom, I’m going to hurt myself badly if I don’t get help,'” Laurie said as she described the mental health crises that have plagued her daughter for the last two years, disrupting her education and devastating the family’s finances.

She asked to use only her first name in order to protect the identity of her daughter.

Paying for her daughter’s care – therapists, a psychiatrist, and multiple residential treatment facilities across the country – has nearly bankrupted Laurie, who recently sold her house in California and moved to a cheaper home in another state.

In August, she filed a lawsuit on behalf of her daughter against the social media platforms she blames for the ordeal: Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok.

The case is one of dozens of similar U.S.For more about EVdeN EVE nakLiyaT check out our own web-site. lawsuits which argue that, when it comes to children, social media is a dangerous product – like a car with a faulty seat-belt – and that tech companies should be held to account and pay for the resulting harms.

“Before (she used) social media, there was no eating disorder, there was no mental illness, there was no isolation, there was no cutting, none of that,” Laurie told the Thomson Reuters Foundation about her daughter, who is identified as C.W.in the suit.

Don Grant, a psychologist who specializes in treating children with mental health issues linked to digital devices, said Laurie’s predicament is increasingly common.

“It’s like every night, kids all over the country sneak out of their houses and go to play in the sewers under the city with no supervision. That’s what being online can be like,” he said.

“You think just because your kids are sitting in your living room they’re safe – but they’re not.”

Facebook’s parent company Meta Platforms Inc, Snap Inc, which owns Snapchat, and TikTok declined to comment on individual lawsuits, but said they prioritized children’s safety online.

Meta executives, under criticism over internal data showing its Instagram app damaged the mental health of teenagers, have highlighted the positive impacts of social media, and their efforts to better protect young users.

ASBESTOS, TOBACCO, SOCIAL MEDIA?

Laurie is represented by the Social Media Victims Law Center, a firm co-founded by veteran trial lawyer Matt Bergman, who won hundreds of millions of dollars suing makers of the building material asbestos for concealing its linkage with cancer in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Bergman decided to turn his attention to social media after former Facebook executive Frances Haugen leaked thousands of internal company documents in 2021 that showed the company had some knowledge of the potential harm its products could cause.

“These companies make the asbestos industry look like a bunch of Boy Scouts,” Bergman said.

Facebook has said the Haugen papers have been mischaracterized and taken out of context, and that Wall Street Journal articles based on them “conferred egregiously false motives to Facebook’s leadership and employees”.

Bergman’s firm has signed up more than 1,200 clients including Laurie over the past year, taking out television ads asking families who worry about their children’s social media use to get in touch on a toll-free hotline.

In addition to more than 70 cases involving child suicide, the firm has collected over 600 cases linked to eating disorders.Dozens more accuse social media firms of failing to prevent sex trafficking on their platforms, or stem from accidental deaths after children attempted viral stunts allowed to spread online.

In late 2022, 80 similar federal suits from 35 different jurisdictions were consolidated together and EvdeN eVE NakliyAT are now being considered by the U.S.District Court for the Northern District of California.

Laurie’s suit is part of a similar bundle of suits filed in California state courts.

HIDING BEHIND SECTION 230

None of these cases – or any of those filed by Bergman – have yet to be heard by a jury, and it is not clear if they ever will.

First, he has to get past Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a provision that provides technology companies some legal immunity for content published on their platform by third parties.

Courts routinely cite the provision when they dismiss lawsuits against social media firms, which prevents the cases from moving on to trial.

In October, for example, a court in Pennsylvania blocked a lawsuit against TikTok brought on behalf of a child who died after suffocating themselves doing a so-called blackout challenge that was widely shared on the video-sharing site.

When it was enacted in the 1990s, Section 230 was intended to shield the nascent tech industry from being crushed under waves of lawsuits, providing space for companies to experiment with platforms that encouraged user-generated content.

Laura Marquez-Garrett, a lawyer with the Social Media Victims Law Center who is taking the lead on Laurie’s case, said she believed her cases could be won if a court agreed to hear them.

“The moment we get to litigate … and move forward, it’s game over,” she said.

Bergman and Marquez-Garrett are part of growing cohort of lawyers who think Section 230 is no longer tenable, as political pressure builds on the issue.

President Joe Biden has voiced support for “revoking” Section 230, and politicians in both parties have proposed legislation that would scrap or tweak the provision. But so far, no reform packages have gained traction, EVDeN EVE naKliYat shifting the focus of reform efforts to litigation.

“We aren’t talking about small companies experimenting with new technology; we’re talking about huge companies who have built harmful products,” Bergman said.

Bergman and his team say the harm to their clients is not primarily about harmful speech that just so happened to be posted online, but that it can directly be attributed to design decisions made by the tech companies.

His lawsuits focus on the building of algorithms that maximize the amount of time children spend online and push them towards harmful content; the way friend recommendation features can introduce children to predatory adults – as well as the lax controls for parents who want to restrict access.

“These lawsuits are about specific design decisions social media platforms have made to maximize profit over safety,” Bergman said.

Asked by the Thomson Reuters Foundation to comment on the company’s product designs, Meta sent an emailed statement from its global head of safety, Antigone Davis, who said the company takes children’s safety seriously.

“We want teens to be safe online. We’ve developed more than 30 tools to support teens and families, including supervision tools that let parents limit the amount of time their teens spend on Instagram, and age verification technology that helps teens have age-appropriate experiences,” the statement read.

A Snap spokesperson did not comment directly on the pending litigation, adding in a statement that “nothing is more important to us than the wellbeing of our community.”

“We curate content from known creators and publishers and use human moderation to review user generated content before it can reach a large audience, which greatly reduces the spread and discovery of harmful content,” the statement added.

‘FOR PARENTS EVERYWHERE’

Laurie’s lawsuit – which was filed in late August in the Superior Court of Los Angeles – alleges that TikTok, Meta and Snap, are “contributing to the burgeoning mental health crisis perpetrated upon the children and teenagers of the United States.”

“I’m doing this for parents everywhere,” she said.

A sharp increase in depression and suicide among U.S.teenagers coincided with a surge in social media use about a decade ago, though a slew of research has reached mixed conclusions about a possible link.

Bergman is not the first lawyer to try to bring a tech firm to court for building an allegedly harmful product.

Carrie Goldberg, a New York-based lawyer, helped to popularize the notion that social media software is essentially like any other consumer product – and that harms it causes in the real world should open up manufacturers to lawsuits.

In 2017, she sued the dating app Grindr on behalf of Matthew Herrick, a man who was stalked and threatened online by an ex-boyfriend, but could not get Grindr to block his harasser.

Goldberg argued that Grindr’s decision to make it difficult to kick harassers off the app should open the company up to some liability as designers of the product, but the court disagreed – ruling that Grindr merely facilitated communications, and was therefore protected under Section 230.

“I couldn’t get in front of a jury,” Goldberg recalled, saying that if such cases were allowed to proceed to trial, they would likely succeed.

A lot has changed in the last five years, she said: the public has become less trusting of social media companies and courts have started to entertain the notion that lawyers should be able to sue tech platforms in the same way as providers of other consumer products or services.

In 2021, the 9th Circuit Court in California ruled that Snap could potentially be held liable for the deaths of two boys who died in a high-speed car accident that took place while they were using a Snapchat filter that their families say encouraged reckless driving.

In October, the U.S.Supreme Court decided to hear a case against Google that accuses its YouTube video platform of materially supporting terrorism due to the algorithmic recommendation of videos by the Islamic State militant group.

Legal experts said that case could set an important precedent for how Section 230 applies to the content recommendations that platforms’ algorithms make to users – including those made to children such as Laurie’s daughter.

“The pendulum has really swung,” Goldberg said.”People no longer trust these products are operating in the public good, and the courts are waking up.”

Outside the United States, the balance has shifted still further, and is beginning to be reflected both in consumer lawsuits and regulation.

In September, a British government inquest faulted social media exposure for the suicide of a 14-year-old girl, and lawmakers are poised to implement stringent rules for age verification for social media firms.

But aside from a recent bill in California that mandates “age appropriate design” decisions, efforts in the United States to pass new laws governing digital platforms have largely faltered.

Trial lawyers like Bergman say that leaves the issue in their hands.

CONSENT AND CONTROL

Laurie’s daughter got her first cellphone in the sixth grade, when she started taking the bus to school alone.When her mental health began to deteriorate soon after, her mother did not initially make a connection.

“In many ways I was a helicopter parent,” Laurie said. “I did everything right – I put the phone in the cupboard at night, we spoke about the appropriate use of technology around the dinner table.”

Now, Laurie knows her daughter had secretly opened multiple social media accounts in an attempt to evade her mother’s vigilance, spending hours connected at night in her bedroom.

Laurie soon realized her daughter was wearing long-sleeved shirts to cover up cutting scars on her arms.

“When I asked her about it, she said, “Mom, there are videos showing you how to do it on TikTok, and EVDEN eVe naKLiYat Snapchat – they show you what tools to use.”

TikTok and Snap said harmful content is not allowed on their platforms, and they take steps to remove it.

With her self-esteem plummeting, Laurie’s daughter was introduced to older users on Snapchat and Instagram who sought to groom and sexually exploit her – including requesting sexually explicit images from her, according to her lawyers.

Although Laurie wanted to keep her daughter offline, social media platforms designed their products “to evade parental consent and control,” her lawsuit alleges.

A Meta spokesperson pointed to a number of recent initiatives to give parents control over their children’s online activity, including a “Family Center,” introduced in 2022, which allows parents to monitor and limit time spent on Instagram.

Laurie’s daughter surreptitiously opened five Instagram, six Snapchat and three TikTok accounts, according to her lawsuit, many before she turned 13 – the age when social media firms can allow minors to open accounts.

“There was no way for me to contact all these companies and say, ‘don’t let my daughter log in,'” Laurie said.

Though Laurie wanted to further restrict her daughter’s social media access, she was concerned that – since all her classmates were communicating on the apps – her daughter would feel socially excluded without them.

ENDLESS SCROLLING

Laurie’s daughter is just one data point in a trend that psychologists have been trying to make sense of over the last decade.

Between the years of 2012 and 2015, U.S. teenagers reporting symptoms of depression increased by 21% – the number was double for girls, said Jean Twenge, an American psychologist and researcher studying mental health trends.

Three times as many 12- to 14-year-old girls killed themselves in 2015 as in 2007, Twenge said.

Until about 10 years ago, cases involving depression, self-harm and anxiety had been stable for decades, said Grant, the psychologist.

“Then we see this big spike around 2012 – what happened in 2011?The advent of Snapchat and Instagram,” he said.

One driver of this trend, researchers say, is social comparison – the way that products including Instagram and TikTok are engineered to push users to constantly compare themselves to their peers in a way that can torpedo self-esteem.

“She’d say “Mom, I’m ugly, I’m fat”,” Laurie recalled of her daughter. “Keep in mind: she’s 98 pounds (44 kg), and 5 foot 5 (165 cm).”

“So I’d ask her, ‘why do you think this?’ And she’d say, ‘because I posted a photo and only four people liked it’.”

Grant said he sees children hooked by very specific design choices that social media companies have made.

“Just think about endless scrolling – that’s based on the motion of slot machines – addictive gambling,” said Grant, who spent years treating adult addiction before turning his focus to children’s technology use.

Still, mental health experts are divided on the interplay between children’s mental health and social media use.

“Social media is often a scapegoat,” said Yalda Uhls, a professor of developmental psychology at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).

“It’s easier to blame (it) than the systematic issues in our society – there’s inequality, racism, climate change, and there’s parenting decisions too.”

While some children may attribute a mental health challenge to social media, others say the opposite. Polling by Pew in November showed that less than 10% of teens said social media was having a “mostly negative” impact on their lives.

There are still big gaps in research into concepts such as social media addiction and digital harm to children, said Jennifer King, a research fellow at the Stanford University Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence.

“But the internal research – the Frances Haugen documents – are damning,” she said. “And of course, it was shark bait for trial lawyers.”

INHERENTLY DANGEROUS?

Toney Roberts was watching CNN at 2 a.m. on a winter’s evening in early 2022, when he saw an advertisement he never expected to see.

A woman on screen invited parents to call a 1-800 number if they had a “child (who) suffered a mental health crisis, eating disorder, attempted or completed suicide or was sexually exploited through social media.”

“I thought, wait, this is what happened to our daughter,” he recalled.

It had been more than a year since he found his 14-year-old daughter Englyn hanging in her room. She eventually died from her injuries.

Roberts later discovered that his daughter had viewed a video depicting the specific suicide method on Instagram, and that in the months leading up to her death she had been sucked into an online world of self-harm content, and abuse.

He began to comb through his daughter’s phone, creating a dossier of her mental health spiral, which he attributed to her use of Instagram, TikTok and Snapchat.

To his distress, he found the video that may have played a part in her death was still circulating on Instagram for months after she died.

Meta declined to comment on the Roberts case, but said in an emailed statement that the company does not “allow content that promotes suicide, self-harm or eating disorders.”

After Roberts called the 1-800 number, Bergman and Marquez-Garrett flew to Louisiana to meet the family, and last July, he and his wife Brandy sued the three social media companies.

“I didn’t want my daughter to be a statistic,” Roberts said, adding that the user who created the video he thinks inspired his daughter’s suicide still has an active Instagram account.

TikTok and Snapchat also declined to comment on the case.

Bergman often compares his cases against social media platforms to the avalanche of lawsuits that targeted tobacco companies in the 1950s onwards: lawyers only began winning cases after leaked documents showed advance knowledge of cancer-causing chemicals.

In Laurie’s case, for example, the lawsuit cites documents made public by Haugen showing an internal Facebook conversation about how 70% of the reported “adult/minor exploitation” on the platform could be traced back to recommendations made through the “People You May Know” feature.

Another employee suggests in the same message board that the tool should be disabled for children.

Meta did not directly respond to a request for comment on the document.

Since the so-called Facebook Papers were first published in September 2021, Meta has made a number of changes, including restricting the ability of children to message adults who Instagram flags as “suspicious.”

But at the time Laurie’s daughter was using social media, none of the platforms had meaningful restrictions on the ability of adults to message children, her lawyers say, a design choice they argue should open the companies up to legal liability.

Bergman said facts like this illustrate social media litigation should become the next “Big Tobacco.”

Some other lawyers are not convinced by the parallel, however.

“For every person that gets harmed or hurt in real ways, I suspect there are literally millions who have no problems at all, and are having a great time on the platform,” said Jason Schultz, director of New York University’s Tech Law and Policy Clinic.

“Courts are going to have to ask: is this really an inherently dangerous thing?”

DESIGN DECISIONS

King, for her part, agrees that design choices made by the platforms are problematic.

“There’s growing evidence that the companies made design decisions that were so skewed toward promoting engagement, that they can lead users to very harmful places,” she said.

John Villasenor, the co-director of the UCLA Institute for Technology, Law, and Policy, said it could be hard to distinguish between a well-designed algorithm and one that might under some circumstances promote addictive behaviors.

“It’s not unreasonable for platforms to build digital products that encourage more engagement,” he said.

“And if someone is prone to addiction, and can’t stop using it – is that always the platform’s fault?”

In late 2022, Laurie’s daughter returned home after spending a chunk of her high school years in residential treatment centers.

Each week, she sits down with her mother so they can go through everything she has posted on Instagram – the only social media platform Laurie decided to let her keep using, so she could still connect with her friends.

Today, she is doing much better, Laurie said.”I feel like I have my daughter back.”

Originally published at: website (Reporting by Avi Asher-Schapiro @AASchapiro; Editing by Helen Popper. The Thomson Reuters Foundation is the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters. Visit website

Seven out of 10 dry shampoos still on grocery store shelves contain detectable levels of a cancer-causing chemical — despite recent recalls of dozens of popular brands.

Research by a laboratory in tested a random sample of 148 different products sold in CVS, Walgreens and by online retailers like Amazon across the country.

Some 70 per cent were positive for EVDEn eVe NaKLiyaT benzene, a known carcinogen which is strongly linked to leukemia and eVDen EVE nakLiYAT other blood disorders.Among those that contained the chemical were drug-store brand EvdEn EvE nAKLiYAT favorites Batiste and EVdEN EVe nAKLiyAT Not Your Mother’s — alongside premium brands Pureology and Kerastase.

Benzene levels varied by bottles, but nine were found to have at least 10 times the legal limit.One product — Not Your Mother’s Beach Babe Texturizing Coconut — had nearly 80 times the threshold.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) — which regulates beauty and cosmetic products — told DailyMail.com today it was reviewing the findings.

Contamination may come from inactive petroleum-derived ingredients, a thickening agent, or isobutane, a spray propellant. 

Manufacturers including Church & Dwight — which makes Batiste — refuted the results, saying it had recently ‘confirmed’ with its suppliers that the dry shampoos don’t contain benzene.

It comes after millions of bottles of dry shampoo bottles from Dove, TRESemme and Bed Head were recalled across America last week after they were found to contain Benzene. Should you cherished this short article as well as you desire to obtain more info about evdEn eVE nakLiyAt i implore you to visit our internet site.  

People who purchased the shampoos were urged to stop using them and visit the Unilever — the conglomerate that manufactured them — website for a full refund.

Benzene is at the top of the FDA’s list of dangerous solvents.

It is considered a ‘Class 1 solvent’ that ‘should not be employed in the manufacture of drug substances, excipients, and drug products because of their unacceptable toxicity’. 

Inhaling or absorbing the chemical over a long period of time can have devastating health effects because it causes cells in the body to work incorrectly.

Head of Epsom College ‘s husband, who is understood to have killed his wife and seven-year-old daughter before turning his gun on himself, wrote he was ‘desperate to do something better with his days’ as he set up a doomed wine-importing business, it was revealed last night. 

George Pattison, 39, was an accountant with a history of business woes, most recently setting up consultancy firm Tanglewood in 2016, before taking out a £14,000 director’s loan in 2021.

In a presentation pitching a wine-importing company, he described himself as ‘a career accountant desperate to do something better with his days’, The Telegraph reports.

Mr Pattison said he had worked ‘in a variety of industries including corporate finance, investment management and financial consultancy’. 

It comes as comments from Emma in an interview published in School Management Plus magazine six days before her death emerged, in which she said she was looking forward to an ‘exciting future’. She was found dead alongside her husband and their daughter Lettie in their home on school grounds.

The family was discovered dead at their property within the school grounds at around 1.10am on Sunday, police said, shortly after Mrs Pattison made a distressed phone call to her sister. 

Mrs Pattison moved to the college with daughter Lettie in September, while husband George remained in their old £1.5million home in Caterham as its sale went through. 

Neighbours said Mr Pattison had been ‘flitting between’ their old house and the property at Epsom College before the keys were handed to the new owners last month.

It was only then that he moved into the family’s new home.

Neighbours described Mr Pattison as reserved and eVDeN evE nakLiYAt said they often saw him drinking wine alone in the family’s Caterham home.

Just hours before the shootings, , who said nothing appeared out of place or unusual between the couple.

Mr Pattison was understood to show no sign of being upset or worried during the evening. 

A friend of the family told : ‘On Saturday night they threw a dinner party.It was quite an intimate affair and literally turned out to be their last supper.

‘Nothing unusual happened. There were no arguments, no indication he would go on to do something so horrific a short time later.’

In an interview published days before her death, Mrs Pattison said she saw the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the independent schools sector as an opportunity.’It could be time to shape a really exciting future for the country,’ she said. If you loved this article and you simply would like to be given more info concerning eVdEN eve NakLiyAt please visit our web site.  

She also spoke about plans to open the Surrey school to a wider section of the community by improving access with bursaries. 

Mrs Pattison added Covid-19 had brought about ‘an absolute sea change’ in what parents wanted for their children.

She said: ‘They used to talk about results and Oxbridge.That has turned about-face completely since Covid. It’s now about well-being, eVden Eve nakLiYaT pastoral care, kindness, service and charity.’

She acknowledged challenges for the independent sector, saying: ‘The image of the exclusive private school has to be a thing of the past.Exclusivity is a dirty word nowadays. 

‘The independent schools sector has to offer something very different going forward, for its own pupils and for the social impact it could bring.’

Mrs Pattison added it was charity and impact on the local community which was closest to her heart, saying she wanted her pupils to become ‘part of the solution’ to society’s problems.

Interviewer Zoe MacDougall paid tribute to Mrs Pattison after news of her death emerged, praising her ‘warm and easy personality’.

She said: ‘Talking to Emma, it was clear that service and kindness were core values.Her vision was for her pupils to learn truths about the world around them, in preparation for the adults that she hoped they would become: people who would play leading roles in society with understanding, compassion and integrity. 

‘I found her inspirational.’

It emerged yesterday that Mrs Pattison made a distressed phone call to her sister Deborah Kirk in the early hours of Sunday morning, just minutes before she would be shot dead. 

Ms Kirk immediately jumped into a car and drove out to the college in Surrey, but arrived too late and discovered her sister’s body as well as those of her husband George and Lettie.

Surrey Police confirmed they believe Mr Pattison shot his wife and daughter dead before turning the weapon on himself, and that no third party was involved in the killings. 

The force has referred itself to the independent watchdog over the triple shooting after it emerged they had been in touch with Mr Pattison just days before.

The killer had held a shotgun licence for many years and officers had called him to check on the storage for his firearm last Thursday.Officers did not visit the premises.

Home Office regulations state that gun owners must notify police of any change of address as soon as they move.

In December, Mrs Pattison told a student podcast that her move had been ‘a really big change for my family’, EVDEN EVe nAKLiyAt adding: ‘I’ve got a new job, my husband got a new job, which wasn’t meant to happen, but did, and my daughter has started a new school.’ 

A neighbour of the family in Caterham told MailOnline: ‘It’s horrific what’s happened at the college.I never heard any arguing or anything like that when they lived here. 

‘They appeared to have it all – a nice house, good jobs and lots of money.

‘As well as the BMW, George also drove a Jaguar XR and an Audi S5.They’d also spent a lot of money doing up the house.

‘When they first moved in it was quite a scruffy granny-style house but they’d extended the kitchen and landscaped the back garden as well as improving the front of the house.